123 results

• Bulbar function

  Neurological control of muscles involved in speech, swallowing, and chewing.

  Reference:

  Golbe LI, Ohman-Strickland PA. A clinical rating scale for progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 6):1552-1565. doi:10.1093/brain/awm032

• Case–control study

  A type of observational study that compares two groups of people (those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and people who do not have the disease or condition (controls)) and retrospectively examines their prior exposure to a particular factor of interest.

  Reference:

  ScienceDirect Topics. Case-control study [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/case-control-study

• Cerebellar ataxia

  Impaired coordination of voluntary movements (ataxia) due to cerebellar dysfunction.

  Reference:

  ScienceDirect Topics. Cerebellar ataxia [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/cerebellar-ataxia

• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

  The fluid that surrounds and fills the brain and spinal cord, protecting the brain, providing nourishment for cells, and removing waste.

  Reference:

  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Glossary of neurological terms [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov]. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/glossary-neurological-terms

• Clinical trial (CT)

  A research study conducted in humans to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and optimal use of medical interventions such as drugs, devices, or therapies.

  Reference:

  EU Clinical Trials Register. Glossary [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov]. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/doc/EU_Clinical_Trials_Register_Glossary.pdf

• Cmax

  The maximum (peak) concentration of a drug found in blood or plasma after the administration.

  Reference:

  REVIVE. Cmax [Internet]. [cited 2026 Jan]. Available from: https://revive.gardp.org/resource/cmax/?cf=encyclopaedia

• Co-pathology

  The presence of multiple pathologies occurring at the same time in the same person. In PSP, co-pathologies are common and may include additional neurodegenerative changes, such as Alzheimer’s disease-related amyloid plaques, Lewy body pathology and age-related cerebrovascular changes, which may contribute to clinical variability and complicate diagnosis.

  Reference:

  Boxer AL, Yu JT, Golbe LI, Litvan I, Lang AE, Höglinger GU. Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(7):552-563. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30157-6

• Comorbidity

  The co-occurrence of multiple disorders in the same individual, which can influence the diagnosis, treatment, or prognosis of some conditions.

  Reference:

  ScienceDirect Topics. Comorbidity [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/comorbidity

• Corticobasal syndrome (CBS)

  Neurodegenerative syndrome combining movement disorder signs (rigidity, apraxia, dystonia, myoclonus) with cortical signs (apraxia, sensory loss, alien limb).

  Reference:

  Höglinger GU, Respondek G, Stamelou M, et al. Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria. Mov Disord. 2017;32(6):853-864. doi:10.1002/mds.26987

• Cost of illness (COI) studies

  Descriptive analyses that estimate the overall costs associated with a disease. These studies quantify the economic burden by measuring direct, indirect, and sometimes intangible costs, but they do not compare alternative interventions or relate costs to health outcomes. Instead, they provide baseline data on disease burden, which can inform subsequent economic evaluations and policy decisions.

  Reference:

  Cochrane Economics Methods Group. Glossary of terms for health economics and systematic review [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec]. Available from: https://methods.cochrane.org/economics/methods-training/glossary

• Dementia

  A loss of global cognitive ability that interferes with normal social or occupational function.

  Reference:

  ScienceDirect Topics. Dementia [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/dementia

• Differential diagnosis

  The process of distinguishing a disease from other conditions with similar clinical features. In PSP, it involves differentiating it from disorders such as Parkinson’s disease or other PSP-mimicking syndromes.

  Reference:

  Krzosek P, Madetko N, Migda A, et al. Differential diagnosis of rare subtypes of progressive supranuclear palsy and PSP-like syndromes. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:804385. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.804385

• Disability adjusted life year (DALY)

  is a generic measure of health outcome that can be used in cost utility analysis. DALYs are a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill health, disability or mortality.

  Reference:

  Cochrane Economics Methods Group. Glossary of terms for health economics and systematic review [Internet]. [cited 2025 Dec]. Available from: https://methods.cochrane.org/economics/methods-training/glossary

• Disease burden

  The overall impact of a disease on patients, caregivers, and healthcare systems – including physical, emotional, social, and economic effects.

  Reference:

  Springer Nature. Burden of disease [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov]. Available from: https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_297

• Disease-modifying therapy (DMT)

  A treatment aimed at addressing the underlying cause and altering its natural progression. These work by targeting the root mechanisms that drive the disease, potentially slowing down, halting or even reversing its course.

  Reference:

  Cummings JL. Defining and labeling disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2009;5(5):406-418. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2008.12.003